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cow is a fundamental physics experiment

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it's an atomic physics pyramid we're

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going to build or develop a system which

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allows us to create a ultra cold quantum

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gas on orbit and we're gonna be able to

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take this gas down to temperatures that

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are so low we actually see something

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called a bose-einstein condensate and

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that bose-einstein condensate is at a

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temperature of around 100 Pico kelvins

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it's 100 times 10 to the minus 12 Kelvin

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and those temperatures matter actually

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behaves entirely differently at room

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temperature matter behaves like

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particles like billiard balls knocking

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into each other but at temperatures

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below the bose-einstein condensate

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temperature matter actually behaves as

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something called a matter wave and the

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temperatures that we're gonna see on the

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International Space Station we're gonna

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see macroscopic matter waves which is

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kind of a new phenomenon which is

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enabled by going to ISS so how does this

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instrument work so the instrument works

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by a process called laser cooling so

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it's a little bit counterintuitive where

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you fire lasers I think that you

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actually cool it down but it actually

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works that way because lasers are made

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up of particles of light or called

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photons and those photons actually have

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a momentum associated with them and so

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you can actually push on particles with

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photon momentum to slow them down and so

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we have two stages of this laser cooling

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phenomena and then finally we have this

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RF cooling phenomena where we get it

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down to an even colder temperature so it

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uses an optical system a laser system in

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an RF system to be able to get down to

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these incredibly cool temperatures when

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you take atoms and you cool them down to

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a very low temperature you can actually

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work with their quantum wave function

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instead of the the classical particle of

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each atom and by sending them on two

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different paths at the same time quantum

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mechanically that that's possible I can

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make very precise measurements of well

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accelerations due to gravity of

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interactions with particles that we may

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know about and we don't want to see or

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particles that we don't know about and

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do want to see we study it to understand

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the fundamental physics of the universe

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so people potentially believe that a

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beginning of time the universe could

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have been formed by these ultra cold

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quantum gases so we're gonna understand

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more about how matter behaves at these

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temperatures so we you know there's a

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difference between Newtonian physics in

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quantum physics and so it's kind of the

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same thing there's a difference between

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matter at room temperature and matter at

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these ultra cold temperatures there are

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potential technology for

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applications as well but the purpose of

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our experiment is to understand the

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fundamental physics of what's going on

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these incredible cold temperatures and

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how these macroscopic matter waves

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actually interact with each other we

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know that our theories of gravity and

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our theory of particle physics don't get

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along at high energies everything works

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fine at low energies but it doesn't work

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at high energies this is a known problem

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and is a big problem the biggest problem

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that we have in physics and so we're

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hoping to get a hint as to what's

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happening at higher energies by looking

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for small deviations from the laws of

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physics as we think we understand them

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now at low energies and so looking for

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gravity to tug on one kind of atom

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differently than it tugs on another kind

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of atom is like great way to probe this

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kind of physics well the ISS gives us a

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microgravity platform which allows us to

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test gravity in ways that are very hard

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to do and more less impossible on the

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ground on the ground gravity is very

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strong it accelerates your atoms very

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fast you have only a fraction of a

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second before they the wall of your

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vacuum chamber on the ISS you could hold

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the atoms and run the theater for ometer

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four seconds tens of seconds and get a

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much more sensitive measurement it also

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is a nice environment where we can

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cancel systematic errors here I need to

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subtract the known acceleration of

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gravity from the earth and get a small

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signal from it on the ISS the small

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signal is most of our signal plus we can

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turn the experiment around put the earth

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on the other side of the experiment and

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so any systematic error that you know it

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gives us a signal in one direction

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relative to our apparatus will rotate

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with our experiment but the signal from

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gravity does not and so we can actually

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subtract that out better we're delving

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into a temperature range that we've

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never seen before so we actually don't

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know what we're gonna see so it's kind

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of the reason why you do scientific

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exploration is for discovery and so by

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definition what we're doing is

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discovering a new physics as a result of

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this it also enables us to use our

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expertise at JPL to create a system

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which ordinarily a mission like this

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would be a lot more expensive but

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because we can put it on the

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International Space Station because we

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were able to put it in shirtsleeves